CWE-436ClassIncomplete
Interpretation Conflict
Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.
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Related vulnerabilities
CVE-2024-24754Bref enable serverless PHP on AWS Lambda. When Bref is used with the Event-Driven Function runtime and the handler is a `RequestHandlerInterface`, then the Lambda event is converted to a PSR7 object. During the conversion process, if the request is a MultiPart, each part is parsed and its content added in the `$files` or `$parsedBody` arrays. The conversion process produces a different output compared to the one of plain PHP when keys ending with and open square bracket ([) are used. Based on the application logic the difference in the body parsing might lead to vulnerabilities and/or undefined behaviors. This vulnerability is patched in 2.1.13.
CVE-2023-24813Dompdf is an HTML to PDF converter written in php. Due to the difference in the attribute parser of Dompdf and php-svg-lib, an attacker can still call arbitrary URLs with arbitrary protocols. Dompdf parses the href attribute of `image` tags and respects `xlink:href` even if `href` is specified. However, php-svg-lib, which is later used to parse the svg file, parses the href attribute. Since `href` is respected if both `xlink:href` and `href` is specified, it's possible to bypass the protection on the Dompdf side by providing an empty `xlink:href` attribute. An attacker can exploit the vulnerability to call arbitrary URLs with arbitrary protocols if they provide an SVG file to the Dompdf. In PHP versions before 8.0.0, it leads to arbitrary unserialize, which will lead, at the very least, to arbitrary file deletion and might lead to remote code execution, depending on available classes. This vulnerability has been addressed in commit `95009ea98` which has been included in release version 2.0.3. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
CVE-2021-45327Gitea before 1.11.2 is affected by Trusting HTTP Permission Methods on the Server Side when referencing the vulnerable admin or user API. which could let a remote malisious user execute arbitrary code.
CVE-2020-10180The ESET AV parsing engine allows virus-detection bypass via a crafted BZ2 Checksum field in an archive. This affects versions before 1294 of Smart Security Premium, Internet Security, NOD32 Antivirus, Cyber Security Pro (macOS), Cyber Security (macOS), Mobile Security for Android, Smart TV Security, and NOD32 Antivirus 4 for Linux Desktop.
CVE-2019-19589The Lever PDF Embedder plugin 4.4 for WordPress does not block the distribution of polyglot PDF documents that are valid JAR archives. Note: It has been argued that "The vulnerability reported in PDF Embedder Plugin is not valid as the plugin itself doesn't control or manage the file upload process. It only serves the uploaded PDF files and the responsibility of uploading PDF file remains with the Site owner of Wordpress installation, the upload of PDF file is managed by Wordpress core and not by PDF Embedder Plugin. Control & block of polyglot file is required to be taken care at the time of upload, not on showing the file. Moreover, the reference mentions retrieving the files from the browser cache and manually renaming it to jar for executing the file. That refers to a two step non-connected steps which has nothing to do with PDF Embedder.
CVE-2026-6270@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier do not register inherited middleware directly on child plugin engine instances. When a Fastify application registers authentication middleware in a parent scope and then registers child plugins with @fastify/middie, the child scope does not inherit the parent middleware. This allows unauthenticated requests to reach routes defined in child plugin scopes, bypassing authentication and authorization checks. Upgrade to @fastify/middie 9.3.2 to fix this issue. There are no workarounds.
CVE-2026-41248Clerk JavaScript is the official JavaScript repository for Clerk authentication. createRouteMatcher in @clerk/nextjs, @clerk/nuxt, and @clerk/astro can be bypassed by certain crafted requests, allowing them to skip middleware gating and reach downstream handlers. This vulnerability is fixed in @clerk/astro 1.5.7, 2.17.10, and 3.0.15; @clerk/nextjs 5.7.6, 6.39.2, and 7.2.1; @clerk/nuxt 1.13.28 and 2.2.2; and @clerk/shared 2.22.1, 3.47.4, anc 4.8.1
CVE-2026-33808Impact@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier fails to normalize URLs before passing them to Express middleware when Fastify router normalization options are enabled. This allows complete bypass of path-scoped authentication middleware via duplicate slashes when ignoreDuplicateSlashes is enabled, or via semicolon delimiters when useSemicolonDelimiter is enabled. In both cases, Fastify router normalizes the URL and matches the route, but @fastify/express passes the original un-normalized URL to Express middleware, which fails to match and is skipped. An unauthenticated attacker can access protected routes by manipulating the URL path.
PatchesUpgrade to @fastify/express v4.0.5 or later.
CVE-2026-33807@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier contains a path handling bug in the onRegister function that causes middleware paths to be doubled when inherited by child plugins. When a child plugin is registered with a prefix that matches a middleware path, the middleware path is prefixed a second time, causing it to never match incoming requests. This results in complete bypass of Express middleware security controls, including authentication, authorization, and rate limiting, for all routes defined within affected child plugin scopes. No special configuration or request crafting is required.
Upgrade to @fastify/express v4.0.5 or later.
CVE-2026-33804@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier are vulnerable to middleware bypass when the deprecated Fastify ignoreDuplicateSlashes option is enabled. The middleware path matching logic does not account for duplicate slash normalization performed by Fastify's router, allowing requests with duplicate slashes to bypass middleware authentication and authorization checks. This only affects applications using the deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option. Upgrade to @fastify/middie 9.3.2 to fix this issue. There are no workarounds other than disabling the ignoreDuplicateSlashes option.
CVE-2019-18792An issue was discovered in Suricata 5.0.0. It is possible to bypass/evade any tcp based signature by overlapping a TCP segment with a fake FIN packet. The fake FIN packet is injected just before the PUSH ACK packet we want to bypass. The PUSH ACK packet (containing the data) will be ignored by Suricata because it overlaps the FIN packet (the sequence and ack number are identical in the two packets). The client will ignore the fake FIN packet because the ACK flag is not set. Both linux and windows clients are ignoring the injected packet.
CVE-2023-39481Softing Secure Integration Server Interpretation Conflict Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Softing Secure Integration Server. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.
The specific flaw exists within the web server. The issue results from an inconsistency in URI parsing between NGINX and application code. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of root. Was ZDI-CAN-20551.
CVE-2022-36051ZITADEL combines the ease of Auth0 and the versatility of Keycloak.**Actions**, introduced in ZITADEL **1.42.0** on the API and **1.56.0** for Console, is a feature, where users with role.`ORG_OWNER` are able to create Javascript Code, which is invoked by the system at certain points during the login. **Actions**, for example, allow creating authorizations (user grants) on newly created users programmatically. Due to a missing authorization check, **Actions** were able to grant authorizations for projects that belong to other organizations inside the same Instance. Granting authorizations via API and Console is not affected by this vulnerability. There is currently no known workaround, users should update.
CVE-2021-28474Microsoft SharePoint Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
CVE-2025-12816An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions.